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  • Title: Influence of contamination on bonding to zirconia ceramic.
    Author: Yang B, Scharnberg M, Wolfart S, Quaas AC, Ludwig K, Adelung R, Kern M.
    Journal: J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater; 2007 May; 81(2):283-90. PubMed ID: 16969826.
    Abstract:
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of contaminations and cleaning methods on bonding to dental zirconia ceramic. After saliva immersion and using silicone disclosing agent, airborne-particle abraded ceramic specimens were cleaned with isopropanol (AL), acetone (AC), 37% phosphoric acid (PA), additional airborne-particle abrasion (AA), or only with water rinsing (SS). Airborne-particle abraded specimens without contaminations (CL) were used as control group. For chemical analysis specimens of all groups were examined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin were bonded to ceramic specimens using a phosphate-monomer containing composite luting resin. After 3-day water storage, tensile bond strengths (TBS) were tested. XPS analysis of group SS showed the presence of saliva and silicone (Si) contamination on the surface. The ratios of carbon/zirconium and oxygen/zirconium for groups PA and AA were comparable to those ratios obtained for group CL, indicating the removal of the organic saliva contamination. Airborne-particle abrasion and acetone completely removed Si contamination from ceramic surfaces. Isopropanol had little cleaning effect on the two contaminants. TBS (median +/- standard deviation) in MPa of the groups SS (11.6 +/- 3.1), AL (10.0 +/- 2.9), and AC (13.0 +/- 2.8) were statistically lower than those of groups PA (33.6 +/- 5.5), AA (40.1 +/- 3.6), and CL (47.0 +/- 8.1) (p < 0.001), while no differences were found in TBS between groups AA and CL (p > 0.5). Contamination significantly reduced bond strengths to zirconia ceramic. Airborne-particle abrasion was the most effective cleaning method.
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