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  • Title: Estimation of benchmark doses for urinary cadmium based on beta2-microglobulin excretion in cadmium-polluted regions of the Kakehashi River basin, Japan.
    Author: Shimizu A, Kobayashi E, Suwazono Y, Uetani M, Oishi M, Inaba T, Kido T, Nogawa K.
    Journal: Int J Environ Health Res; 2006 Oct; 16(5):329-37. PubMed ID: 16990174.
    Abstract:
    A benchmark dose low (BMDL) is used as a replacement for the no observed adverse effect level. The threshold levels of urinary cadmium (Cd) as BMDL were estimated using data from the Kakehashi River basin. The target population (>or=50 years) comprised 3178 and 294 participants inhabiting Cd-polluted and non-polluted areas, respectively. Cut-off values for beta2-MG-uria were defined as the 84 and 95% upper limit values calculated from control subjects, and 1000 microg/l or microg/g cr of beta2-MG. Using these cut-off values, the BMDL at which the excess risk is 0.05 was determined to be 2.9 - 4.0 microg/g cr (males) and 1.5 - 3.6 microg/g cr (females). The present study demonstrated that a BMD approach is useful to estimate the threshold level of urinary Cd in Cd-exposed subjects and people living in general environment without any known Cd-pollution since a BMD approach does not need abnormality rates of urinary findings in the controls.
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