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  • Title: Waveform design for ultrasonic pulse-inversion fundamental imaging.
    Author: Li PC, Shen CC, Huang SW.
    Journal: Ultrason Imaging; 2006 Jul; 28(3):129-43. PubMed ID: 17147055.
    Abstract:
    Pulse-inversion (PI) fundamental imaging exhibits significantly better contrast detection than linear and second-harmonic imaging. PI fundamental imaging involves two firings with inverted waveforms. When the returning echoes from the two firings are summed, the residual signal related to tissue is limited to even-order harmonics, whereas for microbubbles, the fundamental signal is not completely canceled due to the echo under compression differing from that under rarefaction. The efficacy of PI fundamental imaging has been reported previously. In this study, we investigated the performance of PI fundamental imaging using both simulations and in vitro experiments with various transmit waveforms, including coded excitation and asymmetrical waveforms (i.e., asymmetrical between compression and rarefaction). For coded excitation, a longer waveform was found to increase the similarity in the responses to positive and negative pulses, thus lowering the contrast between microbubbles and tissue. In addition, imperfect pulse compression also decreases the contrast because it increases the residue fundamental signal emanating from tissue. Using asymmetrical waveforms noticeably increased the residual microbubble signal in the fundamental band but the nonzero DC component that is inherent in such waveforms also increases the tissue fundamental signal. The combination of these two effects decreases the contrast. From these results, it is concluded that the use of coded excitation is undesirable in PI fundamental imaging and that the waveforms should contain no DC component. Furthermore, the transmit waveform needs to be appropriately windowed in order to reduce spectral leakage. Therefore, a Gaussian pulse with the pulse length determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of the imaging system is generally optimal for PI fundamental imaging.
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