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  • Title: Functional arterial and venous fate is determined by graded VEGF signaling and notch status during embryonic stem cell differentiation.
    Author: Lanner F, Sohl M, Farnebo F.
    Journal: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol; 2007 Mar; 27(3):487-93. PubMed ID: 17185616.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to develop a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell system addressing the early specification of the developing vasculature into functional arteries and veins. METHODS AND RESULTS: ES cells were differentiated 4 days on collagen-type IV coated dishes to obtain Flk1+ endothelial precursors. Sub-culture of these precursors for additional 4 days robustly generated, in a VEGF dose-dependent manner, mature endothelial cells. Arterial marker genes were specifically expressed in cultures differentiated with high VEGF concentration whereas the venous marker gene COUP-TFII was upregulated in endothelial cells induced through low and intermediate VEGF concentrations. This VEGF-dependent arterialization could be blocked by inhibition of Notch resulting in an arterial to venous fate switch. Functional and morphological studies, ie, measurement of sprout length, pericyte recruitment, and interleukin-I-induced leukocyte adhesion, further confirmed their arterial and venous identity. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that endothelial cells with distinct molecular, morphological, and functional characteristics of arteries and veins can be derived through in vitro differentiation of ES cells in a VEGF dose-dependent and Notch-regulated manner.
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