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  • Title: Enhancement of macrophage stimulation by lipoteichoic acid and the costimulant hemoglobin is dependent on Toll-like receptors 2 and 4.
    Author: Cox KH, Ofek I, Hasty DL.
    Journal: Infect Immun; 2007 May; 75(5):2638-41. PubMed ID: 17296755.
    Abstract:
    Macrophage stimulation by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and hemoglobin (Hb) requires Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and -4). There are two distinct temporal phases of interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. The first results in a slight enhancement of IL-6 secretion in response to LTA plus Hb compared to that with LTA alone and is TLR4 independent. The second requires TLR4 and accounts for most of the additional stimulation seen with LTA plus Hb.
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