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  • Title: [Intranasal opioids for acute pain].
    Author: Añez Simón C, Rull Bartomeu M, Rodríguez Pérez A, Fuentes Baena A.
    Journal: Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim; 2006 Dec; 53(10):643-52. PubMed ID: 17302079.
    Abstract:
    Intranasal drug administration is an easy, well-tolerated, noninvasive transmucosal route that avoids first-pass metabolism in the liver. The nasal mucosa provides an extensive, highly vascularized surface of pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. It secretes mucus that is subjected to mucociliary movement that can affect the time of contact between the drug and the surface. Absorption is influenced by anatomical and physiological factors as well as by properties of the drug and the delivery system. We review the literature on intranasal administration of fentanyl, meperidine, diamorphine, and butorphanol to treat acute pain. The adverse systemic effects are similar to those described for intravenous administration, the most common being drowsiness, nausea, and vomiting. Local effects reported are a burning sensation with meperidine and a bad taste.
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