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  • Title: Automatic activation of phonology in silent reading is parallel: evidence from beginning and skilled readers.
    Author: Alario FX, De Cara B, Ziegler JC.
    Journal: J Exp Child Psychol; 2007 Jul; 97(3):205-19. PubMed ID: 17399735.
    Abstract:
    The picture-word interference paradigm was used to shed new light on the debate concerning slow serial versus fast parallel activation of phonology in silent reading. Prereaders, beginning readers (Grades 1-4), and adults named pictures that had words printed on them. Words and pictures shared phonology either at the beginnings of words (e.g., DOLL-DOG) or at the ends of words (e.g., FOG-DOG). The results showed that phonological overlap between primes and targets facilitated picture naming. This facilitatory effect was present even in beginning readers. More important, from Grade 1 onward, end-related facilitation always was as strong as beginning-related facilitation. This result suggests that, from the beginning of reading, the implicit and automatic activation of phonological codes during silent reading is not serial but rather parallel.
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