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  • Title: The validation of the Billings ovulation method by laboratory research and field trials.
    Author: Billings JJ.
    Journal: Acta Eur Fertil; 1991; 22(1):9-15. PubMed ID: 1746210.
    Abstract:
    Fertility and the mechanism of ovulation is complex. The processes of fertilization and ovulation are described in this report. Information includes a description of the natural indicators of fertility and infertility, the cervical mucus pattern, and the Guidelines for the Billings Ovulation Method. The ovarian monitor which provides for the measurement of ovarian hormones (estrone glucuronide (EIG) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) in a timed specimen of urine is also described. The cervical mucus pattern method measures ovarian hormones and fertility. No more than 2% of women who have been taught the Ovulation Method and performed the charting would need to use the Ovarian Monitor. It is commonly used to assure that the women's observations and interpretations are correct when there is a strong desire to either achieve or postpone pregnancy. For research, the monitor is useful in accurately measuring the timing of ovulation within the phase of potential fertility during the cycle and the changing probabilities of conception on days within the fertile period. The limits of the fertilizing life span of sperm can be measured as well as the factors which influence this life span. The day of maximum fertility, the correlation of the mucus pattern with fertility and time of ovulation, and assessment of conception cycles are measurable. Diagnostic information can be gleaned which will help to explain bleeding patterns, particularly around menopause, where fluctuating ovarian hormonal levels influence unexplained bleeding patterns. The Monitor can be useful as a test for pregnancy in measurement of high PdG and E1G levels. Four phases are identified for interpreting the ovulatory cycle: 1) the E1G and PdG levels are declining during the beginning of menstruation to reach a constant level (20-60 nmol/24 hours and .9 - 3.3 mcmol/24 hours); 2) rising E1G values and low PdG values and changing mucus pattern of the preovulatory cycle; 3) the ovulatory phase of peak E1G values (150-450 nmol/24 hours) followed by a distinct fall and the beginning of a rise in PdG values and the Peak of the mucus pattern; and 4) the luteal phase of rising PdG (9-36 mcmol/24 hours), and rising E1G values (100-400 nmol/24 hours) to maximum, and then falling before menstruation.
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