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  • Title: Noninvasive estimation of cardiac output.
    Author: Welkowitz W, Cui Q, Qi Y, Kostis JB.
    Journal: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng; 1991 Nov; 38(11):1100-5. PubMed ID: 1748444.
    Abstract:
    A noninvasive method of measuring cardiac output is described. The method uses adaptive aorta models in conjunction with femoral and carotid pulse contour waveform measurements to calculate aortic flow. Results are presented from measurements on dogs using internal pressure recordings made with fluid-filled catheters and compared with electromagnetic flow measurements taken in the ascending aorta. Preliminary results using external pulse measurements on patients are also presented and compared with thermal dilution measurements.
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