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  • Title: Lock-in amplifier error prediction and correction in frequency sweep measurements.
    Author: Sonnaillon MO, Bonetto FJ.
    Journal: Rev Sci Instrum; 2007 Jan; 78(1):014701. PubMed ID: 17503936.
    Abstract:
    This article proposes an analytical algorithm for predicting errors in lock-in amplifiers (LIAs) working with time-varying reference frequency. Furthermore, a simple method for correcting such errors is presented. The reference frequency can be swept in order to measure the frequency response of a system within a given spectrum. The continuous variation of the reference frequency produces a measurement error that depends on three factors: the sweep speed, the LIA low-pass filters, and the frequency response of the measured system. The proposed error prediction algorithm is based on the final value theorem of the Laplace transform. The correction method uses a double-sweep measurement. A mathematical analysis is presented and validated with computational simulations and experimental measurements.
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