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  • Title: [The value of plain x-ray diagnosis and phlebography in the thoracic outlet syndrome].
    Author: Vahlensieck M, Beltz L.
    Journal: Aktuelle Radiol; 1991 Sep; 1(5):244-8. PubMed ID: 1751559.
    Abstract:
    The compression of the neurovascular bundle of the upper limb (thoracic outlet syndrome, TOS) can be caused by osseous, muscular, fibrous, tumourous and habitual abnormalities of the cervicothoracic junction. Osseous causes can be shown in a conventional x-ray of the cervicothoracic junction. In about 40% of the cases there is a venous stenosis which can be proved by means of phlebography in a special patient position (provocation position). The type of stenosis and location provides information on the cause of it. We examined 34 patients.
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