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  • Title: Hydrophilic carotenoids: surface properties and aggregation of an astaxanthin-lysine conjugate, a rigid, long-chain, highly unsaturated and highly water-soluble tetracationic bolaamphiphile.
    Author: Naess SN, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Melø TB, Razi Naqvi K, Jackson HL, Lockwood SF.
    Journal: Chem Phys Lipids; 2007 Aug; 148(2):63-9. PubMed ID: 17531964.
    Abstract:
    The surface and aggregation properties of a synthetic, highly water-soluble carotenoid, the tetracationic astaxanthin-lysine conjugate (Asly), have been examined through measurements of surface tension, optical absorption and dynamic light scattering. The following parameters were determined: critical aggregation concentration c(M), surface concentration Gamma, molecular area a(m), free energy of adsorption and aggregation (DeltaG(ad) degrees and DeltaG(M) degrees , respectively), and the aggregate size r(H). The compound forms true monomolecular solutions in water below c(M); aggregates emerge only at rather high concentrations (> or =2.18 mM).
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