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  • Title: Severe tricuspid regurgitation due to entrapment of the anterior leaflet of the valve by a permanent pacemaker lead: role of real time three-dimensional echocardiography.
    Author: Nucifora G, Badano LP, Allocca G, Gianfagna P, Proclemer A, Cinello M, Fioretti PM.
    Journal: Echocardiography; 2007 Jul; 24(6):649-52. PubMed ID: 17584205.
    Abstract:
    Pacemaker leads may impair tricuspid valve coaptation and they are a well-known cause of mild tricuspid regurgitation. Occasionally, right ventricular leads worsen tricuspid regurgitation over time and patients develop late-onset symptoms of right-sided heart failure. The exact mechanism of this clinical entity is rarely identifiable by 2D-echocardiography only. This case report details a patient with severe tricuspid regurgitation secondary to immobilization of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve by a permanent ventricular pacing lead. The mechanism of regurgitation was clarified by real time three-dimensional echocardiography that showed the location of the ventricular lead and its interference with the tricuspid valve.
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