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  • Title: Molecular MR imaging of human thrombi in a swine model of pulmonary embolism using a fibrin-specific contrast agent.
    Author: Spuentrup E, Katoh M, Buecker A, Fausten B, Wiethoff AJ, Wildberger JE, Haage P, Parsons EC, Botnar RM, Graham PB, Vettelschoss M, Günther RW.
    Journal: Invest Radiol; 2007 Aug; 42(8):586-95. PubMed ID: 17620942.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVE: Molecular targeted MR imaging of human clots material in a model of pulmonary embolism using a fibrin-specific magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent (EP-2104R, EPIX Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fresh ex vivo engineered thrombi (human blood) and human clots removed from patients were delivered in 11 swine. Molecular MR imaging with a 3D gradient-echo [3D fast field echo (3DFFE)] sequence and a navigator-gated and cardiac-triggered 3D inversion-recovery black-blood gradient-echo sequence (IR) was performed before thrombus delivery, after thrombus delivery but before contrast media application, and 2 hours after i.v. administration of 4 micromol/kg EP-2104R. MR images were analyzed by 2 investigators and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was assessed. Thrombi were removed for assessment of gadolinium (Gd) concentration. RESULTS: Only after contrast media application were pulmonary emboli [freshly engineered thrombi (n = 23) and human clot material removed from patients (n = 25)] visualized as white foci on MR images. CNR was 13 +/- 3 (ex vivo engineered clot) and 22 +/- 9 (patient clot material) for the fast field echo (FFE)-sequence and 29 +/- 9 (ex vivo engineered clot) and 43 +/- 18 (patient clot material) for the IR-sequence, respectively. A high Gd concentration in the clots was found (82 +/- 43 microM for the freshly engineered and 247 +/- 44 microM for the clots removed from patients, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: EP-2104R allows for molecular MR imaging of human clot material in the pulmonary vessels of a swine model.
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