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  • Title: Service with a smile: do emotional intelligence, gender, and autonomy moderate the emotional labor process?
    Author: Johnson HA, Spector PE.
    Journal: J Occup Health Psychol; 2007 Oct; 12(4):319-33. PubMed ID: 17953492.
    Abstract:
    This survey study of 176 participants from eight customer service organizations investigated how individual factors moderate the impact of emotional labor strategies on employee well-being. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that gender and autonomy were significant moderators of the relationships between emotional labor strategies and the personal outcomes of emotional exhaustion, affective well-being, and job satisfaction. Females were more likely to experience negative consequences when engaging in surface acting. Autonomy served to alleviate negative outcomes for individuals who used emotional labor strategies often. Contrary to our hypotheses, emotional intelligence did not moderate the relationship between the emotional labor strategies and personal outcomes. Results demonstrated how the emotional labor process can influence employee well-being.
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