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  • Title: Intravenous injection of trauma-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph causes lung injury that is dependent upon activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway.
    Author: Senthil M, Watkins A, Barlos D, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Abungu B, Caputo F, Feinman R, Deitch EA.
    Journal: Ann Surg; 2007 Nov; 246(5):822-30. PubMed ID: 17968175.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that gut-derived factors carried in trauma-hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) lymph is sufficient to induce lung injury. Additionally, because our previous studies showed that T/HS-induced nitric oxide production was associated with lung injury, we examined whether T/HS lymph-induced lung injury occurs via an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-dependent pathway. BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that T/HS-induced lung injury is mediated by gut-derived humoral factors carried in the mesenteric lymph. However, it remains unclear whether T/HS lymph itself is sufficient to induce lung injury, or requires the activation of other factors during the T/HS period to exert its effect. METHODS: Mesenteric lymph collected from T/HS or trauma-sham shock (T/SS) animals was injected intravenously into male rats at a rate of 1 mL/h for 3 hours. At the end of infusion, lung injury was assessed by lung permeability and lung histology. The effect of iNOS inhibition on T/HS lymph-induced lung injury was studied and this was further confirmed in iNOS knockout mice. Finally, iNOS immunohistochemistry was performed to identify the cells of origin of iNOS. RESULTS: The injection of T/HS lymph, but not sham shock lymph, caused lung injury. This was associated with increased plasma nitrite/nitrate levels as well as induction of iNOS protein in the lung, liver, and gut. Treatment with the selective iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine prevented T/HS lymph-induced lung injury. iNOS knockout mice, but not their wild-type controls, were resistant to T/HS lymph-induced lung injury. By immunohistochemistry, neutrophils and macrophages, rather than parenchymal cells, were the source of T/HS lymph-induced lung iNOS. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that T/HS lymph is sufficient to induce acute lung injury and that lymph-induced lung injury occurs via an iNOS-dependent pathway.
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