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  • Title: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smouldering multiple myeloma: emphasis on risk factors for progression.
    Author: Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV.
    Journal: Br J Haematol; 2007 Dec; 139(5):730-43. PubMed ID: 18021088.
    Abstract:
    Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is characterized by a serum monoclonal protein <30 g/l, <10% plasma cells in the bone marrow, and absence of end-organ damage (CRAB-hypercalcaemia, renal insufficiency, anaemia, or bone lesions). MGUS is present in 3% of persons >50 years and in 5% >70 years of age. The risk of progression to multiple myeloma (MM) or a related disorder is 1% per year. Patients with risk factors consisting of an abnormal serum free light chain ratio, non-immunoglobulin G (IgG) MGUS, and an elevated serum M protein >/=15 g/l had a risk of progression at 20 years of 58%, compared with 37% with two risk factors present, 21% with one risk factor present, and 5% when none of the risk factors were present. Smouldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma is characterized by having a serum IgG or IgA monoclonal protein of 30 g/l or higher and/or 10% or more plasma cells in the bone marrow but no evidence of end-organ damage. The cumulative probability of progression to active MM or amyloidosis was 51% at 5 years, 66% at 10 years and 73% at 15 years; the median time to progression was 4.8 years.
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