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  • Title: Spermatozoal head defect as a cause of infertility in a stallion.
    Author: Held JP, Prater P, Stettler M.
    Journal: J Am Vet Med Assoc; 1991 Dec 15; 199(12):1760-1. PubMed ID: 1813470.
    Abstract:
    A 9-year-old Arabian stallion with a 3-year history of infertility was evaluated for breeding soundness. Both testes were small. Ultrasonography revealed a small amount of free fluid between the tunics of both testes. Results of cytologic examination of the fluid were unremarkable. On semen examination, progressive motility was 10%, and total number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate was 6.6 x 10(9), of which 92% were abnormal. Predominant abnormalities were head defects (75%): 57% of the heads had single or multiple vacuoles, and 60% also had midpiece swelling or bending.
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