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  • Title: The anatomy and physiology of the avian endocrine system.
    Author: Ritchie M, Pilny AA.
    Journal: Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract; 2008 Jan; 11(1):1-14, v. PubMed ID: 18165134.
    Abstract:
    The endocrine system of birds is comparable to that of mammals, although there are many unique aspects to consider when studying the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. Avian endocrinology is a field of veterinary medicine that is unfamiliar to many practitioners; however, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding when evaluating companion birds in clinical practice. This article covers the anatomy and physiology of the normal avian, and readers are referred to other articles for a more detailed explanation of altered physiology and pathology.
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