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  • Title: Diagnosing subtypes of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: an introduction to the Lee-Carroll Scale.
    Author: Carroll BT, Lee JW, Graham KT, Thalassinos A, Thomas C, Kirkhart R.
    Journal: Ann Clin Psychiatry; 2008; 20(1):47-8. PubMed ID: 18297586.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) shares common features with catatonia and serotonin syndrome (SS). For instance, catatonia is a risk factor for the development of NMS. METHODS: We performed a pilot study to examine if the Lee-Carroll Scale is able to differentiate the proposed NMS subtypes and explore possible relationship between NMS and SS. A consecutive series of cases reported to the Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Information Service (NMSIS) were reviewed with 29 cases of "definite NMS." The Hynes-Vickar Scale (an NMS scale), Hegerl Scale (a SS scale), and Lee-Carroll Scale (an NMS subtype scale) were applied to these case report forms. CONCLUSIONS: Although the groups were too small for statistical analysis, the 2 catatonic NMS subtypes appear to have higher NMS scores on the Hynes-Vickar Scale, and lower SS scores on the Hegerl Scale than the non-catatonic NMS subtype. The scores on the Lee-Carroll Scale were highest for non-catatonic NMS subtype. This pilot study suggests that the Lee-Carroll scale may help differentiate the subtypes of NMS, and provides some support that non-catatonic NMS may be a form of SS. NMS subtypes may be important in the early detection and treatment of NMS.
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