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  • Title: Apixaban, an oral, direct and highly selective factor Xa inhibitor: in vitro, antithrombotic and antihemostatic studies.
    Author: Wong PC, Crain EJ, Xin B, Wexler RR, Lam PY, Pinto DJ, Luettgen JM, Knabb RM.
    Journal: J Thromb Haemost; 2008 May; 6(5):820-9. PubMed ID: 18315548.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Apixaban is an oral, direct and highly selective factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor in late-stage clinical development for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the in vitro properties of apixaban and its in vivo activities in rabbit models of thrombosis and hemostasis. METHODS: Studies were conducted in arteriovenous-shunt thrombosis (AVST), venous thrombosis (VT), electrically mediated carotid arterial thrombosis (ECAT) and cuticle bleeding time (BT) models. RESULTS: In vitro, apixaban is potent and selective, with a K(i) of 0.08 nm for human FXa. It exhibited species difference in FXa inhibition [FXa K(i) (nm): 0.16, rabbit; 1.3, rat; 1.7, dog] and anticoagulation [EC(2x) (microm, concentration required to double the prothrombin time): 3.6, human; 2.3, rabbit; 7.9, rat; 6.7, dog]. Apixaban at 10 microm did not alter human and rabbit platelet aggregation to ADP, gamma-thrombin, and collagen. In vivo, the values for antithrombotic ED(50) (dose that reduced thrombus weight or increased blood flow by 50% of the control) in AVST, VT and ECAT and the values for BT ED(3x) (dose that increased BT by 3-fold) were 0.27 +/- 0.03, 0.11 +/- 0.03, 0.07 +/- 0.02 and > 3 mg kg(-1) h(-1) i.v. for apixaban, 0.05 +/- 0.01, 0.05 +/- 0.01, 0.27 +/- 0.08 and > 3 mg kg(-1) h(-1) i.v. for the indirect FXa inhibitor fondaparinux, and 0.53 +/- 0.04, 0.27 +/- 0.01, 0.08 +/- 0.01 and 0.70 +/- 0.07 mg kg(-1) day(-1) p.o. for the oral anticoagulant warfarin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, apixaban was effective in the prevention of experimental thrombosis at doses that preserve hemostasis in rabbits.
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