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  • Title: Quadruple valve surgery in carcinoid heart disease.
    Author: Castillo JG, Filsoufi F, Rahmanian PB, Adams DH.
    Journal: J Card Surg; 2008; 23(5):523-5. PubMed ID: 18355221.
    Abstract:
    We describe a 42-year-old male with primary carcinoid tumor of the ileum, secondary liver metastases, and subsequent severe carcinoid heart disease with quadruple valve involvement. The patient underwent tricuspid and pulmonic bioprosthetic valve replacement, mitral and aortic valve reconstruction. Transthoracic echocardiography at 25 months showed competent mitral and aortic valves with only mild regurgitation. Valve reconstruction is rarely performed in patients with carcinoid heart disease. However, in selected cases it is a valuable alternative technique with good mid-term outcome.
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