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  • Title: Many-body generalization of the Z2 topological invariant for the quantum spin Hall effect.
    Author: Lee SS, Ryu S.
    Journal: Phys Rev Lett; 2008 May 09; 100(18):186807. PubMed ID: 18518407.
    Abstract:
    We propose a many-body generalization of the Z2 topological invariant for the quantum spin Hall insulator, which does not rely on single-particle band structures. The invariant is derived as a topological obstruction that distinguishes topologically distinct many-body ground states on a torus. It is also expressed as a Wilson loop of the SU(2) Berry gauge field, which is quantized due to time-reversal symmetry.
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