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  • Title: How the lower face soft tissue changes after mandibular advancement or setback.
    Author: Alves PV, Mazucheli J, Vogel CJ, Bolognese AM.
    Journal: J Craniofac Surg; 2008 May; 19(3):593-8. PubMed ID: 18520370.
    Abstract:
    To contribute as an auxiliary tool for orthodontic and orthognathic planning and treatment, short-term changes on the lower face soft and hard tissues were investigated. All subjects presented adequate maxillary relation with the cranial base. The treatment was done by mandibular advancement in patients with skeletal class II or setback in skeletal class III, by the same oral surgeon, using the same technique, and rigid internal fixation. Lateral cephalograms were traced at the following intervals: T0--immediately before the surgical procedure, T1--6 months after surgery, and T2--1 year after surgery. The postoperative data of the lower face revealed highly significant changes for the soft tissue pogonion and lower lip, in the mandible advancement cases, whereas the underlying bone and dental structures remained constant. For the mandible setback cases, just the hard tissue pogonion variable displayed a statistically significant change.
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