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  • Title: Stones of the upper urinary tract. Update on minimal-invasive endourological treatment.
    Author: Lahme S, Zimmermanns V, Hochmuth A, Liske P.
    Journal: Arch Ital Urol Androl; 2008 Mar; 80(1):13-7. PubMed ID: 18533619.
    Abstract:
    So far extracorporal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) is the treatment of choice for upper urinary tract stones. Since the introduction of new minimal-invasive endourological procedures, such as retrograde flexible uretero-renoscopy (fURS) and minimal-invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (Mini-Perc), alternative treatment modalities are available, which show enhanced stone-free rates and decreased treatment morbidity even in unfavorable stone localizations of the lower calix and calyceal diverticulum stones. In experienced hands modern endourological approaches are suitable as first-line treatment of upper urinary tract stones. Even in elderly patients and large stone burden the endourological techniques show acceptable results.
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