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  • Title: [Urinalysis in chronic kidney disease].
    Author: Yokoyama H, Yamaya H.
    Journal: Nihon Rinsho; 2008 Sep; 66(9):1713-8. PubMed ID: 18788399.
    Abstract:
    Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or renal abnormalities including proteinuria and/or hematuria beyond 3 months. Urinalysis is an important screening test to find out CKD subjects earlier. In health check examination, proteinuria was detected in 2.3% of male population over 18 years old. The prevalence of lower estimated GFR below 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 increased to 8.9% of subjects with 1+ proteinuria and 31.8% of subjects with 2+ or more proteinuria as compared with 2.0% of subjects with negative proteinuria (p < 0.0001). To detect CKD stage IV or V, the sensitivity and the specificity of proteinuria were 0.68 and 0.978, respectively, and the positive likelihood was 30.9 (95% CI, 8.3-114.9, p < 0.0001).
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