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  • Title: Depressive symptoms predispose females to metabolic syndrome: a 7-year follow-up study.
    Author: Vanhala M, Jokelainen J, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Kumpusalo E, Koponen H.
    Journal: Acta Psychiatr Scand; 2009 Feb; 119(2):137-42. PubMed ID: 19016666.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk for developing metabolic syndrome when having depressive symptoms. METHOD: The prevalence of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome at baseline, and after a 7-year follow-up as measured with Beck depression inventory (BDI), and using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program--Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) were studied in a middle-aged population-based sample (n = 1294). RESULTS: The logistic regression analysis showed a 2.5-fold risk (95% CI: 1.2-5.2) for the females with depressive symptoms (BDI >or=10) at baseline to have MetS at the end of the follow-up. The risk was highest in the subgroup with more melancholic symptoms evaluated with a summary score of the melancholic items in BDI (OR 6.81, 95% CI: 2.09-22.20). In men, there was no risk difference. CONCLUSION: The higher risks for MetS in females with depressive symptoms at baseline suggest that depression may be an important predisposing factor for the development of MetS.
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