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  • Title: Ratios of cross-sectional areas of muscles and their tendons in a healthy human forearm.
    Author: Cutts A, Alexander RM, Ker RF.
    Journal: J Anat; 1991 Jun; 176():133-7. PubMed ID: 1917668.
    Abstract:
    The muscles and tendons in the forearm and hand of a young man, amputated after an accident, have been weighed and measured. The physiological cross-sectional areas of those muscles that had long tendons were 35 +/- 9 (mean and standard deviation) times the cross-sectional areas of the tendons. The mean is very close to the optimum calculated from the theory of Ker, Alexander & Bennett (1988). It implies that the tendons experience stresses of about 11 MPa and strains of about 1.3%, when the muscles exert their maximum isometric forces. Very much larger forces would be needed to break the tendons.
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