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  • Title: Individual nanotube-based needle nanoprobes for electrochemical studies in picoliter microenvironments.
    Author: Yum K, Cho HN, Hu J, Yu MF.
    Journal: ACS Nano; 2007 Dec; 1(5):440-8. PubMed ID: 19206665.
    Abstract:
    We report the fabrication and characterization of individual nanotube-based, long and straight needle nanoprobes for electrochemistry and the study of their applicability and behavior in microenvironments. The needle nanoprobe, with a nanoscale ring-shaped Au electrode at the tip of the needle serving as the active electrode, was characterized by electrochemical current measurement and cyclic voltammetry and analyzed with electrochemical models. Such a needle nanoprobe, in combination with another metal-coated nanowire as a reference electrode, was further used, for the first time, for local electrochemical sensing inside microdroplets having volumes down to a few picoliters. We explain the acquired voltammetric behaviors of redox-active molecules in confined microscale environments and reveal a unique electrochemical mechanism which allows the regeneration of the redox-active molecules and the establishment of a stable reference potential in the microenvironments.
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