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  • Title: Admixture of ephedrine to offset side effects of propofol: a randomized, controlled trial.
    Author: Austin JD, Parke TJ.
    Journal: J Clin Anesth; 2009 Feb; 21(1):44-9. PubMed ID: 19232940.
    Abstract:
    STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adding ephedrine to propofol is as effective as adding lidocaine at reducing injection pain, and its effects on hemodynamics. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. SETTING: District general hospital in the United Kingdom. PATIENTS: 156 adult, ASA physical status I, II, and III patients undergoing elective or emergency general anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to one of three groups to receive one mL of 1% lidocaine per 20 mL of 1% propofol (Group L), 15 mg of ephedrine per 20 mL of propofol (Group E15), or 30 mg of ephedrine per 20 mL of propofol (Group E30). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Pain on injection, heart rate, and blood pressure at one-minute intervals for ten minutes were recorded. There was no significant difference in injection pain among groups. Group E30 had the least amount of hemodynamic change. CONCLUSION: Adding 30 mg of ephedrine to 20 mL of 1% propofol is as effective as adding lidocaine in preventing injection pain, and it results in a more stable hemodynamic profile.
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