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  • Title: [Forceps: description, obstetric mecanics, indications and contra-indications].
    Author: Feraud O.
    Journal: J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris); 2008 Dec; 37 Suppl 8():S202-9. PubMed ID: 19268197.
    Abstract:
    Obstetric forceps are used to guide fetal movement during delivery, ideally accompanied by active pushing by the mother. Forceps in the form of "tongs" appeared in the 17(th) century, and by the 19(th) century had evolved into forceps with two crossing shafts (Levret, Pajot, Kielland), axis-traction forceps (Tarnier), and forceps with convergent shafts (Démelin, Suzor). Application and traction differ according to the type of instrument, and require extensive training and knowledge of obstetric mechanics. The easiest and most suitable applications are anterior. In transverse application, forceps with convergent shafts or another instrument (spatulas or vacuum extractor) are to be preferred. Certain deliveries can be difficult, and require careful evaluation informed by experience. If the fetus is not progressing after three pulls, this route of delivery should be abandoned.
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