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  • Title: Histological studies of growing and mature antlers of red deer stags (Cervus elaphus).
    Author: Cegielski M, Izykowska I, Podhorska-Okolow M, Gworys B, Zabel M, Dziegiel P.
    Journal: Anat Histol Embryol; 2009 Jun; 38(3):184-8. PubMed ID: 19469766.
    Abstract:
    This study aims at presenting histology of growing and mature antlers in red deer stag (Cervus elaphus). Growing antlers constitute a model organ for examining regeneration processes of tissues because they are the only mammalian appendages capable of regeneration. Histological study revealed that the tip of a growing antler consists of hairy skin, perichondrium, mesenchyme and chondroprogenitors area. By performing immunochistochemistry, we found that cell expressing Ki-67 and PCNA antigens were localized in basal layer of epidermis, skin glands and beneath their secretory sections, mesenchyme as well as within and in the vicinity of central blood vessels. Ultrastructurally, cells from chondroprogenitors zone have chondroblast-like morphology and take part in producing of collagen fibres followed by the process of cartilage mineralization. However, mature antlers also consist of lamellar osseous tissue.
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