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  • Title: Effect of ketamine on the limb withdrawal reflex evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation in ponies anaesthetised with isoflurane.
    Author: Levionnois OL, Menge M, Thormann W, Mevissen M, Spadavecchia C.
    Journal: Vet J; 2010 Dec; 186(3):304-11. PubMed ID: 19748807.
    Abstract:
    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-nociceptive activity of ketamine and isoflurane in horses using a limb withdrawal reflex (WR) model. Single and repeated stimulations were applied to the digital nerve of the left forelimb in ponies anaesthetised with isoflurane before, during and after intravenous administration of racemic ketamine. Surface electromyographic activity was recorded from the deltoid muscle. Higher stimulation intensity was required to evoke a reflex during ketamine administration. Furthermore, the amplitudes of response to stimulations were significantly and dose-dependently depressed and a flattening of the stimulus-response curves was observed. The reflex activity recovered partially once the ketamine infusion finished. The results demonstrated that the limb WR can be used to quantify the temporal effect of ketamine on the sensory-motor processing in ponies anaesthetised with isoflurane.
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