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  • Title: Elucidation of the order of oxidations and identification of an intermediate in the multistep clavaminate synthase reaction.
    Author: Salowe SP, Krol WJ, Iwata-Reuyl D, Townsend CA.
    Journal: Biochemistry; 1991 Feb 26; 30(8):2281-92. PubMed ID: 1998687.
    Abstract:
    The enzyme clavaminate synthase (CS) catalyzes the formation of the first bicyclic intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway to the potent beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. Our previous work has led to the proposal that the cyclization/desaturation of the substrate proclavaminate proceeds in two oxidative steps, each coupled to a decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate and a reduction of dioxygen to water [Salowe, S. P., Marsh, E. N., & Townsend, C. A. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 6499-6508]. We have now employed kinetic isotope effect studies to determine the order of oxidations for CS purified from Streptomyces clavuligerus. By using (4'RS)-[4'-3H,1-14C]-rac-proclavaminate, a primary T(V/K) = 8.3 +/- 0.2 was measured from [3H]water release data, while an alpha-secondary T(V/K) = 1.06 +/- 0.01 was determined from the changing 3H/14C ratio of the product clavaminate. Values for the primary and alpha-secondary effects of 11.9 +/- 1.7 and 1.12 +/- 0.07, respectively, were obtained from the changing 3H/14C ratio of the residual proclavaminate by using new equations derived for a racemic substrate bearing isotopic label at both primary and alpha-secondary positions. Since only the first step of consecutive irreversible reactions will exhibit a V/K isotope effect, we conclude that C-4' is the initial site of oxidation in proclavaminate. As expected, no significant changes in the 3H/14C ratio of residual substrate were observed with [3-3H,1-14C]-rac-proclavaminate. However, two new tritiated compounds were produced in this incubation, apparently the result of isotope-induced branching brought about by the presence of tritium at the site of the second oxidation. One of these compounds was identified by comparison to authentic material as dihydroclavaminate, a stable intermediate that normally remains enzyme-bound. On the basis of the body of information available and the similarities to alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, a comprehensive mechanistic scheme for CS is proposed to account for this unusual enzymatic transformation.
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