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  • Title: Clinical and immunologic responses of cattle to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus after infection by viral aerosol or intramuscular inoculation.
    Author: Frank GH, Marshall RG, Smith PC.
    Journal: Am J Vet Res; 1977 Oct; 38(10):1497-1502. PubMed ID: 201185.
    Abstract:
    Aerosol or intramuscular exposure to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus elicited generally comparable levels of serum antibody in cattle, but not measurable nasal secretion antibody. Aerosol-exposed cattle developed signs of mild clinical disease, fever, and leukopenia and shed virus from their nasal passages. Cattle exposed by intra-muscular inoculation developed a brief febrile response and leukopenia but did not shed virus. After an aerosol challenge exposure, cattle in each group developed detectable nasal secretion antibodies, but no clinical signs of disease.
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