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  • Title: Closer correlation of cadmium in urine than that of cadmium in blood with tubular dysfunction markers in urine among general women populations in Japan.
    Author: Ikeda M, Ohashi F, Fukui Y, Sakuragi S, Moriguchi J.
    Journal: Int Arch Occup Environ Health; 2011 Feb; 84(2):121-9. PubMed ID: 20364267.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the present study are to investigate whether cadmium in blood (Cd-B) and cadmium in urine (Cd-U) correlate with each other irrespective of age among general populations and which one of Cd-B or Cd-U correlates more closely with three renal tubular dysfunction markers in urine of α₁-microglobulin (α₁-MG-U), β₂-microglobulin (β₂-MG-U) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG-U). METHODS: Data on two exposure markers (Cd-B and Cd-U) and three effect markers (α₁-MG-U, β₂-MG-U and NAG-U) were collected for 1,403 adult women in non-polluted areas all over Japan. Possible significance of correlation between the parameters and dependency on age was examined by simple and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Both Cd-B and Cd-U increased as a function of age. The two exposure markers correlated significantly with each other, and the Cd-U over Cd-B ratio also increased as a function of age. Although both Cd-B and Cd-U correlated significantly with the three effect markers, the correlation was closer for Cd-U than for Cd-B. CONCLUSIONS: Cd-U rather than Cd-B should be recommended as an exposure marker of choice in Cd biological monitoring of general populations. Effects of aging should be taken into account when evaluating study results.
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