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  • Title: Mechanism of the synergistic effect between oversulfated chondroitin-6-sulfate and lysine or 6-aminohexanoic acid in enhancing the in-vitro activation of glutamic plasminogen by tissue plasminogen activator or urokinase.
    Author: Kouemo S, McMillan E, Doctor V.
    Journal: Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis; 2010 Jul; 21(5):425-30. PubMed ID: 20445443.
    Abstract:
    Earlier studies of addition of naturally sulfated polysaccharides including unfractionated heparin showed a significant enhancement of the in-vitro activation of glutamic plasminogen (Glu-Plg) by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) or urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA). However, supplementing of physiological concentration of NaCl (0.9%) to the buffer reversed the enhancement. To overcome this reversal attempts were made to oversulfate the compounds and re-evaluate their biological properties. Chondroitin-6-sulfate (N-2) was oversulfated using chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine complex and isolated as the sodium salt. Infrared and H-NMR studies of the oversulfated compound showed introduction of new sulfate groups with the formation of 60% of chondroitin-4-6-disulfate. In-vitro studies were conducted on comparing the effect of oversulfated chondroitin-6-sulfate (S-2) with native compound (N-2) and unfractionated heparin in enhancing the activation of Glu-Plg by t-PA or u-PA using 0.05 mol/l Tris buffer (pH 7.3) containing 0.9% of NaCl. The enhancement of activation of Glu-Plg by t-PA or u-PA was measured by formation of plasmin using H-D-Glu-Phe-Lys-pNA (S-2403) as the substrate. The activation by t-PA was enhanced two-fold by 2.86 microg/ml of S-2, 4-6-fold by addition of 32.4 mmol/l of lysine or 5.4 mmol/l of 6-aminohexanoic acid (6-AH) and 14-16-fold enhancement by addition of both S-2 and lysine or S-2 and 6-AH showing a synergistic effect, whereas unfractionated heparin alone gave no enhancement and in conjunction with lysine or 6-AH gave no additional enhancement. Similar studies using u-PA in place of t-PA gave identical results. During the activation of Glu-Plg to plasmin, lysine plasminogen (Lys-Plg) is reported to be an intermediate. Therefore we investigated the role of S-2, lysine and 6-AH in the activation of Lys-Plg to plasmin. The results showed that S-2 enhanced this activation, whereas lysine or 6-AH which were active in enhancing the activation of Glu-Plg were not active using Lys-Plg indicating that the site of enhancement by lysine or 6-AH was during the initial phase. Double reciprocal plot of Glu-Plg activation by t-PA with or without S-2 and lysine showed no change in Km but a 10-fold increase of Kcat suggesting a template mechanism for the attenuation when both cofactors are used.
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