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  • Title: Glucose as a clean and renewable reductant in the Pd-nanoparticle-catalyzed reductive homocoupling of bromo- and chloroarenes in water.
    Author: Monopoli A, Calò V, Ciminale F, Cotugno P, Angelici C, Cioffi N, Nacci A.
    Journal: J Org Chem; 2010 Jun 04; 75(11):3908-11. PubMed ID: 20462265.
    Abstract:
    An efficient and highly sustainable Ullmann-type homocoupling of bromo- and chloroarenes, including the more challenging electron-rich chloroarenes (e.g., 4-chloroanisole), catalyzed by in situ generated Pd colloids, is carried out in aqueous medium under relatively mild conditions (temperatures ranging from 40 to 90 degrees C). Glucose is used as a clean and renewable reductant, while tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) acts as base, surfactant, and phase-transfer agent, creating a favorable environment for the catalyst. Pd nanoparticle sizes, morphology, and chemical composition are ascertained by TEM and XPS analyses.
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