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  • Title: Preparation of nanoparticles by solvent displacement for drug delivery: a shift in the "ouzo region" upon drug loading.
    Author: Beck-Broichsitter M, Rytting E, Lebhardt T, Wang X, Kissel T.
    Journal: Eur J Pharm Sci; 2010 Oct 09; 41(2):244-53. PubMed ID: 20600881.
    Abstract:
    As biodegradable nanoparticles meet with increasing interest for drug delivery applications, a series of investigations were carried out to understand the mechanism of the formation of drug-loaded nanoparticles using the solvent displacement method. Although previous explanations referred to Marangoni convection as the driving force for nanoprecipitation, recent publications describing the so-called "ouzo effect" sparked these current studies using a novel negatively charged polymer, poly(vinyl sulfonate-co-vinyl alcohol)-graft-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (P(VS-VA)-g-PLGA), and a positively charged model drug, salbutamol. Interfacial tension did not influence the nanoparticle formation as would be expected if governed by Marangoni convection, but ternary phase diagrams outlined the so-called "ouzo regions" defining the polymer and solvent concentrations leading to stable nanoparticle suspensions for both this novel polymer and unmodified poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Physicochemical properties, morphology and drug loading of the nanoparticles were analyzed, and stable P(VS-VA)-g-PLGA nanoparticles with and without salbutamol ranged in size from 59-191nm. The "ouzo region" phase diagram boundaries shifted considerably upon drug loading, which can be explained by the increased solubility of the polymer-drug complex. This behavior necessitated a substantial adjustment of polymer concentrations required to produce drug-loaded nanoparticles with characteristics comparable to blank nanoparticles. In conclusion, the use of "ouzo diagrams" is a beneficial tool to manufacture nanoparticles with specified physicochemical properties by the solvent displacement method.
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