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  • Title: Cyclooxygenase-independent inhibitory effects on T cell activation of novel 4,5-dihydro-3 trifluoromethyl pyrazole cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.
    Author: Iñiguez MA, Punzón C, Cacheiro-Llaguno C, Díaz-Muñoz MD, Duque J, Cuberes R, Alvarez I, Andrés EM, Buxens J, Buschmann H, Vela JM, Fresno M.
    Journal: Int Immunopharmacol; 2010 Oct; 10(10):1295-304. PubMed ID: 20709632.
    Abstract:
    Anti-inflammatory efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been related to their properties as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. However, recent studies have suggested that variations of the in vivo anti-inflammatory actions among different NSAIDs could not be solely explained by COX inhibition. Here, we have analyzed the effects on T cell activation of novel 4,5-dihydro-3 trifluoromethyl pyrazole anti-inflammatory drugs with different potencies as COX-2 inhibitors, namely E-6087, E-6232, E-6231, E-6036 and E-6259 as well as the chemically related COX-2 inhibitor Celecoxib. These drugs inhibited mitogen-mediated T cell proliferation as well as Interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and Interferon (IFN)-γ synthesis by activated T cells, independently of their ability to inhibit COX-2 enzymatic activity. Immunosuppressive effects of these drugs seem to be due to their interference on transcription factor activation as induced transcription from Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB and Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT)-dependent enhancers was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, being the latter effect the most sensitive to the action of those compounds. Both NFAT dephosphorylation, required for its nuclear translocation, as well as transcriptional activity of a GAL4-NFAT chimera were diminished in the presence of these compounds. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions of NSAIDs, which may have important implications in anti-inflammatory therapy, through inhibition of NFAT.
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