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  • Title: Onychoheterotopia: pathogenesis, presentation, and management of ectopic nail.
    Author: Riaz F, Rashid RM, Khachemoune A.
    Journal: J Am Acad Dermatol; 2011 Jan; 64(1):161-6. PubMed ID: 20724029.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Onychoheterotopia is an extremely rare condition in which the nail tissue grows outside the classic nail unit of the dorsal fingers and toes. It presents as either small outgrowths of a deviant nail or a complete double fingernail malformation. The histology of the onychoheterotopia matrix is oftentimes very similar to the normal nail matrix, although it plays a central role in diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: We sought to review the current literature on the clinical and histologic aspects of onychoheterotopia. METHODS: A literature search was performed to evaluate peer-reviewed articles on the topic. RESULTS: Detailed reports have characterized many features of onychoheterotopia. The various etiology and treatment options are reviewed. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited to those articles in the English-language literature. CONCLUSIONS: In this article, we provide a review of the literature based on the current understanding of onychoheterotopia, its diagnosis, and its management.
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