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  • Title: Effects of sonochemical parameters and inorganic ions during the sonochemical degradation of crystal violet in water.
    Author: Guzman-Duque F, Pétrier C, Pulgarin C, Peñuela G, Torres-Palma RA.
    Journal: Ultrason Sonochem; 2011 Jan; 18(1):440-6. PubMed ID: 20797896.
    Abstract:
    This work deals with the ultrasonic degradation (800 kHz) of crystal violet (CV) under different experimental conditions. The effects of saturating gas (argon, carbon dioxide and air), CV concentration (2.45-1225 μmol L(-1)), pH (3-9) and power (20-80 W) were evaluated. The best performances were obtained at 80 W with argon as a saturating gas. The pH had no significant effect. The influence of several water matrices containing anions (chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate) and cations (Fe(2+)) on the sonolytic degradation of CV was also investigated. Significant differences were not observed with the presence of chloride and sulphate. However, at relatively low pollutant concentration (2.45 μmol L(-1)) bicarbonate showed a particular effect: a high bicarbonate concentration (350 mmol L(-1)) produced a detrimental effect, while a low bicarbonate concentration (3 mmol L(-1)) increased the efficiency of the process. The presence of Fe(2+) (1 mmol L(-1)) also increased the CV (49 μmol L(-1)) degradation by 32% after 180 min. Analyses of intermediates by GC-MS led to the identification of several sonochemical by-products: N,N-dimethylaminobenzene, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-4'-(N',N'-dimethylamino)benzophenone, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane. The presence of these aromatic structures showed that the main ultrasonic CV degradation pathway is linked to the reaction with *OH radicals. At the end of the treatment, these early products were converted into biodegradable organic by-products which could be easily treated in a subsequent biological treatment.
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