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  • Title: Application of hybrid approach for estimating the benchmark dose of urinary cadmium for adverse renal effects in the general population of Japan.
    Author: Suwazono Y, Nogawa K, Uetani M, Miura K, Sakata K, Okayama A, Ueshima H, Stamler J, Nakagawa H.
    Journal: J Appl Toxicol; 2011 Jan; 31(1):89-93. PubMed ID: 20836141.
    Abstract:
    We used an updated hybrid approach to estimate the benchmark doses and their 95% lower confidence limits (BMDL) for cadmium-induced renal effects in humans. Participants were 828 inhabitants (410 men, 418 women), aged 40-59 years who lived in three areas without any known environmental cadmium pollution. We measured urinary cadmium (U-Cd) as a marker of exposure, and urinary protein, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as markers of renal effects. For urinary protein, the BMDL ranged from 0.9 to 1.1 µg g⁻¹  creatinine (cre) and approximately 1.6 µg per 24 h in men, and from 1.9 to 3.4 µg g⁻¹  cre and 2.0 µg per 24 h in women. For the renal tubular markers β2-MG and NAG, the BMDL for U-Cd ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 µg g⁻¹  cre and from 0.8 to 1.7 µg per 24 h in men, and from 0.6 to 2.3 µg g⁻¹  cre and from 0.6 to 2.1 µg per 24 h in women. The lowest BMDL for urinary cadmium (0.6 µg g⁻¹ cre) was somewhat lower than average urinary cadmium in Japanese older population. These results suggest the importance of measures to decrease cadmium exposure in the general population of Japan.
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