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  • Title: Effect of water vapor in a y-cut lithium niobate waveguide.
    Author: Ahmad M, Chelapathi K, Patro YG.
    Journal: Appl Opt; 1996 Mar 20; 35(9):1489-91. PubMed ID: 21085263.
    Abstract:
    In z-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) samples, surface damage has been observed after diffusion in a wet atmosphere, but recent reports show that with controlled flow of water vapor waveguides with good surface morphology and low loss can be obtained. Y-cut waveguides do not show any surface damage. Fabrication of y-cut waveguides diffused with controlled variation of water vapor in the ambient has not been reported to the best of our knowledge. We show that a minimum loss in y-cut waveguides is obtained at a particular water vapor content in the ambient, which is lower than the loss obtained for waveguides diffused in dry ambient. We have found a decrease in the waveguide loss to 0.3 dB/cm from 0.6 dB/ cm for 1 mL of water vapor passed per hour as compared with a dry atmosphere.
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