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  • Title: Review and update of involuntary facial movement disorders presenting in the ophthalmological setting.
    Author: Ross AH, Elston JS, Marion MH, Malhotra R.
    Journal: Surv Ophthalmol; 2011; 56(1):54-67. PubMed ID: 21093885.
    Abstract:
    We review the existing literature on the involuntary facial movement disorders-benign essential blepharospasm, apraxia of eyelid opening, hemifacial spasm, and aberrant facial nerve regeneration. The etiology of idiopathic blepharospasm, a disorder of the central nervous system, and hemifacial spasm, a condition involving the facial nerve of the peripheral nervous system, is markedly different. We discuss established methods of managing patients and highlight new approaches.
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