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  • Title: Tobacco smoking and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis.
    Author: Tramacere I, La Vecchia C, Negri E.
    Journal: Epidemiology; 2011 May; 22(3):344-9. PubMed ID: 21330928.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Smoking has been related to esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, but the magnitude of the association is uncertain. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of 33 studies published up to January 2010. We derived summary estimates using random-effects models. RESULTS: Compared with never-smokers, the pooled relative risk (RR) was 1.76 (95% confidence interval = 1.54-2.01) for ever-smokers, 2.32 (1.96-2.75) for current smokers, and 1.62 (1.40-1.87) for ex-smokers. There was no important difference between esophageal (RR = 1.85 for ever- vs. never-smokers) and gastric cardia (RR = 1.76) adenocarcinoma. We found a direct association with dose (RR = 2.48 [2.14-2.86] for ≥ 20 cigarettes/d) and duration (RR = 2.32 [1.92-2.82] for ≥ 40 years) of cigarette consumption. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis estimates the excess of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma risk for smokers. This risk was similar for the 2 cancer sites.
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