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  • Title: Secondhand smoke exposure and mental health among children and adolescents.
    Author: Bandiera FC, Richardson AK, Lee DJ, He JP, Merikangas KR.
    Journal: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med; 2011 Apr; 165(4):332-8. PubMed ID: 21464381.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVE: To examine a potential association between biologically confirmed secondhand smoke exposure and symptoms of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM-IV) major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder using a nationally representative sample of US children and adolescents. DESIGN: Nationally representative cross-sectional survey of the United States. SETTING: Continental United States. PARTICIPANTS: Children and adolescents aged 8 to 15 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2001 to 2004. INTERVENTION: Measurement of serum cotinine level to assess secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmokers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DSM-IV symptoms were derived from selected modules of the National Institute of Mental Health's Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV, a structured diagnostic interview administered by trained lay interviewers. RESULTS: Among nonsmokers, serum cotinine level was positively associated with symptoms of DSM-IV major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder after adjusting for survey design, age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty, migraine, asthma, hay fever, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and allostatic load. Associations with serum cotinine level were more apparent for boys and for participants of non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with a growing body of research documenting an association between secondhand smoke exposure and mental health outcomes. Future research is warranted to establish the biological or psychological mechanisms of association.
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