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  • Title: Expandable metal stents for malignant hilar biliary obstruction.
    Author: Gerges C, Schumacher B, Terheggen G, Neuhaus H.
    Journal: Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am; 2011 Jul; 21(3):481-97, ix. PubMed ID: 21684466.
    Abstract:
    Most patients with malignant hilar stenoses are candidates for palliation. For this purpose, biliary drainage plays a major role in improving liver function and managing or avoiding cholangitis. Endoscopic interventions are less invasive than the percutaneous approach and should be considered as the first-line drainage procedures in most cases. Transhepatic interventions should be reserved for endoscopic failures or performed as a complementary approach in a combined procedure. After successful endoscopic access to biliary obstruction, implantation of self-expandable metal stents offers advantages over plastic endoprostheses in terms of stent patency and number of reinterventions.
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