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  • Title: Spontaneous urethral catheter kinking or knotting in male dogs: four cases.
    Author: Basdani E, Papazoglou LG, Kazakos GM, Bright RM.
    Journal: J Am Anim Hosp Assoc; 2011; 47(5):351-5. PubMed ID: 21852518.
    Abstract:
    Four dogs were diagnosed with urethral catheter malfunction. The catheter was kinked in three dogs and knotted in one dog. In two dogs, kinking of the catheter was associated with presence of urethroliths in the perineal urethra. Diagnosis was based on the difficulty encountered retrieving the catheter in all dogs and swelling in the scrotal or perineal area in two dogs. Diagnosis of catheter kinking or knotting was confirmed after catheter retrieval. Catheter removal was achieved in two dogs after traction under anesthesia, whereas scrotal or perineal urethrotomy were used in the other two dogs. No complications associated with urination were reported in any of the dogs after 7 to 12 mo.
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