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  • Title: Premotor symptoms and early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.
    Author: Adler CH.
    Journal: Int J Neurosci; 2011; 121 Suppl 2():3-8. PubMed ID: 22035024.
    Abstract:
    Parkinson's disease is a disorder characterized by the motor findings of bradykinesia, rest tremor, cogwheel rigidity, and postural instability. As the disease progresses, most patients develop numerous nonmotor signs and symptoms, many of which play a major role in reducing quality of life. What is becoming increasingly clear is that nonmotor findings, including hyposmia, sleep disorders, autonomic abnormalities, cognitive changes, and neurobehavioral changes, often precede the motor findings.
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